odyssey Essay -- essays research papers

In Homer’s The Odyssey, many happenings interfere with Odysseus’ journey to return home to his wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus. Self-determination is a strong characteristic that Odysseus portrays in The Odyssey. The three traits that Odysseus portrays as evidence of his self-determination are: endurance, perseverance, and courage. Odysseus, like most humans, has his doubts of confidence, but seems to overcome them. Out of this great tragedy, he has become a greater man to regain his kingdom and live a long life. He learns that without his determination he would have never returned to his home. Nature played a key role in how the story played out. Nature can interfere and impede human progress but that nature cannot conquer mankind so long as men are willing to face hardship and accept the consequences of their struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Trojan War, Odysseus, the handsome, brave hero of The Odyssey makes the god of the sea, Poseidon, angry by claiming that he alone won the Trojan War. Poseidon vows he will make Odysseus' journey home tough. While on the island of the Cyclopes, they find an abandoned cave that is owned by the one-eyed Cyclops Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon. There they become trapped, Odysseus tells him his name is Nohbody, and offers Polyphemus some wine so that he can become intoxicated. Polyphemus becomes drunk, passes out, and Odysseus and his men devise a plan and attack him in his eye with a sharp, hot wooden pole. Polyphemus...

Can terrorism be justified? Essay

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to explore the issues surrounding the morality of terrorism. I will begin by providing contextual information of the topic through exploring the history of terrorism. From the Sicarii in 50AD who carried out assassinations with short daggers to more recent attacks such as 7/7 bombings in the London underground. In this section however we will find it is not only the methodology of terrorism that has changed but its definition has evolved also. I shall use the historical examples to find any patterns in the use of the word and analyse what these examples tell us about the meaning of the word. Throughout my essay I shall adopt a narrow definition as I believe it allows you to explore terrorism in more detail. Subsequently I will seek to define terrorism along the basis that it sets out to instil fear into others in order to reach a final objective. Following this I shall examine the arguments for and against the justification of terrorism through questioning the ideas of various scholars such as Rudolf Bittner who says terrorism is always wrong to the arguments of Kai Neilsen who says terrorism can be justified if the ends justify the means. Hence I shall reach my final conclusion and reinforce my core argument that terrorism can never be justified, as I believe there is always other less harmful options which reach the same results , furthermore I believe strongly that the lives of others should never be sacrificed for personal gain, whether that be social, political or economic. Lit review The first known terrorist organisation originated in 50AD, they were called the Sicarii, The Sicarri wanted liberation from Roman leadership and assassinated all those associated with the Romans, it was said that the fear that was aroused by these crimes was worse than the act itself(law, R. Terrorism: A history, p.27). The arousal of fear is seen even in modern terrorism through the 7/7 bombings in London where civilians were targeted in the underground train stations, subsequently many feared to use London transport. This running theme of sparking terror within a population suggests that the meaning of the word terrorism must be based around the act of instilling fear; however this is only one aspect of the definition. In the case of the Sicarri they committed these terrorist acts in order to reach an end goal of liberation, this highlights that the definition of terrorism must include a final objective. This end goal is seen through many other terrorist organisations and has become more apparent over time , for example the Ku Klux Klan wished to eradicate all rights of black Americans, this was demonstrated by burning down places of worship and public buildings owned by black Americans. Despite these similarities the definition of terrorism has become elasticated over time, thus it has become difficult to pin down into a singular concept. This variation can be seen through the methodology, in the early stages of terrorism the use of swords and knifes were popular, such as the Sicarii’s use of daggers, however modern day terrorists use explosive devices such as bombs in the 7/7 attack in London. As terrorism has evolved so has the brutality of the act, the consequences of terrorist acts are much larger now than in 50AD, for example the al-Qaeda killed 3,000 people in the attack of 911 alone . This makes it apparent that a key part of the modern definition of terrorism should revolve around fear or terror being committed upon a large scale. Definitions In this essay I will be using a narrow definition, as I believe it’s more efficient in focusing upon the foundations of terrorism. This is because I believe wide definitions are too vague as they incorporate all victims of violence. Thus it becomes difficult to be as thorough when zooming into who and what terrorists are. For example under the pretences of a wide definition anybody can be the victim of terrorism, therefore the assassination of Osama Bin Laden could be classed as a terrorist act. This is clearly not the case. Therefore I believe at times wide definitions can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions, as a result I will be using a narrow definition of terrorism throughout the essay. The two core aspects of terrorism is 1)the act of instilling terror and 2)the use of terrorism for a political goal, thus I believe all valid definitions of the term should revolve around these constant features. Various historians and philosophers throughout the course of history have put forward their definitions of terrorism. Walter Laqueur defined terrorism as the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted (definitions of terrorism. This definition of terrorism is successful in demonstrating that terrorism is always used as a means to reach an end. However it fails to mention the instilling of terror into a nation and rather focuses upon force by means such as weapons. It also highlights that government organisations can’t be terrorist groups, however many definitions such as Per Bauhn’s would disagree with this. Bauhn defines terrorism as the performance of violent acts, directed against one or more persons†¦.to bring about one or more of the agent’s political goals (Bauhn, 1989:28). In Bauhn’s definition he fails to specify qualities of the agent , I believe this makes his definition invalid. As warfare could then qualify as a terrorist act, which in my opinion it isn’t . Terrorism is difficult to define, however I have reached a definition that terrorism is the illegitimate use of force against an innocent population in order to provoke fear or terror as a strategy to r each an end objective. I believe this definition is plausible as it focuses upon the two core features of terrorism whilst eliminating government organisations. Analysis Philosophers and historians debate continuously about whether terrorism can ever be deemed morally acceptable. I take a deontological stand point and believe that terrorism is wrong in every situation. I believe this as there are always less harmful options which will reach the same result, for example protests and speeches. Moreover if we class terrorism as justifiable, society may begin to use violence to express messages regularly and what sort of a world would we live in then? For example if we classed the attacks of 911 as morally acceptable it would provoke others to do the same. In addition I believe that in any situation the use of terrorism will never be worth the end result, the lives of human beings are always going to be more valuable than any potential gain. However many may disagree with this view point, they could argue that if the end result of terrorism moves us towards a more ideal society then in the scheme of things the loss of a few lives is nothing. However this argument is invalid as how can society truly be improving if it relies on violence to do so? I believe that if change requires others to die in order for it to be fulfilled then it isn’t as beneficial for society as if the change was reached via other peaceful  methods. Thus we should always use other strategies available to us to portray our beliefs rather than opting for terrorism. There are many justifications for terrorism which disagree with my claims; Kai Neilsen is a consequentialist therefore judges every action upon its consequences. He argues that terrorism can be morally acceptable in a situation, if it can be shown to be 1) the most effective action with 2) the least bad overall consequences. His basic argument is that if the means justifies the end then it is acceptable. However a major flaw in his argument is that it is impossible to calculate whether the end result is of a greater good than the course that had to be taken to get there. For example was the death of tens of thousands of French people worth liberation in the French revolution, the families of those who lost loved ones may argue that it wasn’t. In addition how can we be sure before carrying out such terrorist acts that this greater good is going to be reached, we c annot be certain of such things. A disadvantage of all consequentialist ideas is that we cannot predict consequences therefore using Neilsen’s criteria it would be difficult to deem whether a terrorist act is justified before it has taken place, this makes Neilsen’s argument unreliable. Moreover we are unable to define what the ‘greater good’ is, as it varies from person to person, an act which may benefit one person may not have the same effect upon another. This can lead to an individual’s happiness being over looked, as John Stewart Mill stated through the idea of higher and lower pleasures an individual’s happiness can be of a greater worth than the majorities. Quite often in Terrorist acts minorities are over looked which results in the least amount of happiness being achieved. Due to these major flaws in Neilsen’s argument I reject his views. Rudolf Bittner supports my claims and as a deontologist abides by moral norms, as a result he believes terrorism is always wrong as violence violates human rights. I agree with his argument as laws are made for a reason, to keep peace and order in society .Violence however is detrimental to the majority of the laws that society upholds. Therefore if we justify a violent act as extreme as terrorism we are only inflicting terror upon ourselves. On the other hand Emile Henry argues that civilians who benefit from unjust societies are somehow to blame for the society they live in. Henry says that these civilians aren’t innocent at all and should serve as targets for violence. Osama bin Laden adopted this view and justified  killing innocent Americans in 911 by saying ‘the American people are the ones who pay the taxes which fund the planes which bomb us in Afghanistan’ (full text: Bin Laden’s ‘letter to america’, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver, retrieved: 03/08/14). Using Henry’s argument all those in the world trade centre on the 11th September 2001 were guilty and therefore the attack was morally acceptable. However these civilians are not guilty they pay taxes because its compulsory not because they want planes to bomb Afghanistan, they do not give the orders which kill their people, they have no real voice in the matter. This is where Henry’s argument becomes invalid; it is difficult depending upon your perception to say whether a person is truly innocent. Henry’s argument is short sighted and doesn’t think of the bigger picture, If this justification was used then society would be a constant war zone, just because you consider a person to be guilty of a crime doesn’t make their murder acceptable. Nicholas Foiton’s argument against terrorism being justifiable influenced my opinions strongly, he said terrorists have ‘ideological’ conceptions of what is good which misrepresent actual peopl es interests. I agree with this entirely as quite often a terrorist organisation becomes deluded by their aims and forgets to look at the wellbeing of a whole society. For example the members of the Ku Klux Klan believed that immigrants didn’t belong in America. They thought that by attacking black Americans they were moving society forward, when in actual fact they were doing the opposite, they had ‘ideological’ conceptions of what was good for America. Foition additionally said that terrorism is never the last resort to make a change; I adopted this point as there are always alternative less aggressive strategies. For example Martin Luther King’s speech which wished for equality between white and black people in America was extremely influential and helped strive towards the more equal society which we live in today. This highlights that’s terrorism isn’t the most effective option and often results in a nation abiding out of fear rather than choice, therefore has no real change to a societies opinion. Thus terrorism cannot be justified on the basis that is the only available option. Foiton additionally arg ues that terrorism is not morally acceptable because all objectives that need innocent people to die to be reached are bad. If an objective requires people to die for it, is it really worth  carrying out? I agree with Foiton as a human life is worth more than any potential political gain, therefore terrorism cannot be justified upon the grounds that the end will justify the means. Conclusion In my conclusion I shall reiterate my main findings which I have discussed previously. I strongly believe that terrorism Is always wrong and cannot be justified in any situation. My main reasoning for this is that violence should always be considered immoral, it goes against human rights and laws which are implemented into our society for a reason. If we justify violence as extreme as terrorism people will begin to believe that is acceptable to behave in such a manner in everyday life. Furthermore terrorism cannot be justified upon the foundations that it is the last resort, there are always other strategies that are just as effective and less detrimental to society. I conclude that if society has to use violence in order to move forward then society in reality is not really improving at all. In addition I believe that all consequentialist arguments for justifying terrorism are invalid as they lack reliability, we cannot predict outcomes therefore we are unable to utilise justificati ons such as Neilsen’s in practice. Moreover how can we justify terrorist acts such as 911 which killed thousands of innocent people? No act that brings such damage and devastation can ever be morally acceptable; it goes against all the political and religious laws of which our society depends upon. I also believe that defining what the ‘greater good’ for society is, is impossible, therefore any justification which revolves around terrorism being used as a method to improve society is invalid. This is because terrorists believe their opinions to be the only ones that matter, therefore the interests of societies who are affected by these groups are overlooked, this results in the greater good not being reached at all. Subsequently I take a deontological stand point and agree with scholars such as Bittner and Foiton, there is never a right time or place to use terrorism as it can simply never be justified. Bibliography http://terrorism.about.com/od/groupsleader1/p/Sicarii.htm http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/terrorism http://www.azdema.gov/museum/famousbattles/pdf/Terrorism%20Definitions%200728 09.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver KS5-Philosophy-Can terrorism ever be justified? (brilliant club text book)

Taking a Look at Lutheranism - 1032 Words

â€Å"If you don’t believe in God, you had better hope your right!† All religions basically believe in one God. Lutheranism is no exception, and as it just so happens it is very close to the Catholic religion I practice. This paper will attempt to explain the Lutheran Church and how it came to be. Martin Luther, a German monk, known to many as the â€Å"Father of Reformation† did not initially or intentionally, start the Lutheran religion. However, his teachings became the cornerstone of what is known today as the Lutheran Religion. Marting Luther was born in Germany in 1483, became a monk, got ordained in 1507 then began to teach at the University of Wittenberg. Even though Martin Luther was ordained in the Catholic Church he became torn as some†¦show more content†¦If his right to grant remission in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven. 2. God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in all things and makes him submissive to the vicar, the priest. 3. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to the canons themselves, nothing should be imposed on the dying. 4. Therefore the Holy Spirit through the pope is kind to us insofar as the pope in his decrees always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.† http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/creeds-confessions/luther-95-theses.html The gist of the Theses were to protest, challenge and deny certain aspects of what was going on in the church. Martin Luther’s became very popular and as his ideas of reform became more and more popular, the Pope threatened Luther to stop or face excommunication. Martin did not conform and in 1521 Martin was excommunicated by the Pope. Hence the beginning of the Lutheran Religion. In the beginning people did not initially want to be called Lutherans they like to be referred to as Evangelicals but their opponents called them Lutheran’s after the reformer Martin Luther, and the name stuck. As far as the important rituals and sacraments in the Lutheran Church, many mimic the Catholic Church. However the Lutheran Church only has two sacraments where the Catholic Church has seven including, baptism, confirmation, confession, Last Supper, marriage,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Arnold Schoenbergs Musical Influence1220 Words   |  5 PagesJewish family in Vienna, Austria (Schoenberg 1). Schoenberg was a young Jewish man during World War I (WWI) living in Berlin. He was directly affected by the invasion of the Nazis. In 1933, he had to leave Berlin and desert his faith for Lutheranism later on taking on the faith of Judaism. At the early age of eight, he began violin lessons and almost immediately started composing music (Schoenberg 1). 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Consequenses of Freedom in The Story of an Hour and A...

In The Story of an Hour and A pair of silk stocking Chopin illustrates how women face the consequences of never acquiring happiness in their lives if they follow the ways society expects them too. In the story of an hour Chopin discuss how getting married can lead you to live a life of anguish. In the beginning of the short story Mrs. Mallard revives terrible news that her husband has been recently killed, she Wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment. This intense reaction is how society would expect her to act if your husband dies. Mrs. Mallard then goes into her bedroom to grieve alone: She could see in the open square before her house the tops of the trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. Seeing the open†¦show more content†¦She had every right to spend money on herself, go where she wanted, and do whatever she wanted to do without anyone questioning her. Having kids and a husband has affected her freedom greatly, which is internally affecting her. With all these responsibilities she had no time- no second of time to devote to the past. Mrs. Sommers cant dwell in the past with so many things to do; she needs to focus on getting though the present day with little money to spend. With never looking back on the past or the future she is now trained in thinking that tomorrow will never come. Just like Mrs. Mallard not thinking for herself and dreading the next day being the same, Mrs. Sommers has transformed into a typical mother. Everyday is the same to her all she does is take care of her kids. Chopin continues to display how following the expectations of society can be detrimental. After Mrs. Sommers figured out what she wanted to spend on her children, she went shopping. She went into a store and sat down for a minute feeling a bit tired and her hand unintentionally touched something wonderful. She looked down to see that her hand lay upon a pile of silk stockings. Feeling these stockings made her feel alive; she has wanted something this nice for a long time. she bought them and went to change into them, She was not thinking at all. When a women has been deprived of nice stuff for so long, and they stop thinking in the mind

Policy Priority Issue The Childhood Obesity Essay

Policy priority issue: The childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. In 2013, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated over 42 million. Childhood obesity can cause premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children will grow up to become obese adults and are more likely to develop diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at a younger age. Many factors can contribute overweight and obesity in children, however a global shift in dietary habits and lack of physical activity play a crucial role. Overweight and obesity are preventable. Unlike adults, children cannot select the environment they live or the food they eat, they are unware about the long term health consequences of their behavior. Therefore, it is important to have strict policies for the prevention of obesity epidemic. School play an important role in fighting against the epidemic of childhood obes ity (World Health Organization, 2016). Even after the legislature has enacted laws to support school nutrition and physical education, many states including, Texas has not yet adopted these policies. It is important to have these policies in practice to prevent childhood obesity (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Government play an important role in making sustainable changes in public health. For that reason, the author is intended toShow MoreRelatedPolicy Priority Issue : Childhood Obesity1259 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Priority Issue: Childhood Obesity The widespread of childhood obesity in Illinois has required that the state establish and implement â€Å"The Obesity Prevention Initiative Act† and Illinois Alliance to Prevent obesity. 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English Creative Writing Free Essays

Creative writing first draft In today’s modern society, media is everywhere. Even at an early stage in life, people are heavily exposed to media. According to a study concluded by Kaiser Family Foundation (2010), teenagers spend about 53 hours per week on different sort of media; such as television, internet, and film. We will write a custom essay sample on English Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now As it has become a huge part of people’s everyday lives, one may question what role this plays in terms of shaping the opinions and positions of the younger generation. In my opinion, the mass media has got a huge impact on teenagers. Some influences may be positive, such as access to information and overall awareness. On the other hand, a society has been created where teenagers blindly follow trends, advices and norms that have been influenced by the mass media. Let’s take my typical morning as an example. The alarm clock goes off after 8 hours of sleep, which Vie read is the recommended amount. When taking a shower afterwards, I use a certain shampoo, which I bought because it was presented by my favorite actor in a commercial. Having done that, I will put on my makeup which is carefully selected from one of the brands recommended by my favorite magazine. I will also style my hair in a certain ay, inspired by a trend. After that I will carefully select my outfit according to fashion which is presented by the different sorts of media. For breakfast I will have some bread and Juice, which is healthy and full of nutrition’s according to a newspaper. As clearly shown in the example above, media has affected my life in many ways. Things, such as my way of clothing, selection of makeup, and even my diet, are inspired by media. Even though there may be different or even better options for me in terms of preferences and lifestyle choices, there is a big chance that I will base my sections primarily on what is presented to me through media instead of basing my decisions on facts and personal interest. This is because I’m constantly being exposed to a certain ideal in terms of lifestyle, opinions, etc. Which I could be heavily inspired by. According to Teen futures media network, a teenager will have seen around 350 000 commercials by the age of 18. Also, a major amount of hours will be spent by the TV or the computer. This constant exposition to trends and ideals will shape people’s opinions and view on things in various ways. A survey in People Magazine showed that 80 % of all female respondents felt that women in movies and television programs made them feel insecure about their bodies. Basically, the mass media has got both positive and negative impacts on the younger generation. It influences decision, preferences, and decisions all through people’s lives through advertisements, televisions and magazines among others. No matter what consequences the mass media brings to teenager’s lives, it is undeniable that media does shape the opinions and positions of the younger generation in various ways. English Creative Writing By Hindquarters How to cite English Creative Writing, Papers

Influent person free essay sample

All among us have their own most influential person in their life, some of them can change our way of life, and the change may bring us to new person than you before. Either it’s may change how I used to be, my inspirational person that influence me much is Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. He is our fourth prime minister of Malaysia that bring many improvement for our beloved country, he also be call father of development due he made many development during his era of being the one we respected. The attitude of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad with never gave up when doing something that may causes other people hate us even new idea or improvement that can help or better life, that is one of his characteristic can inspire me to never gave up when I down or wanted to giving idea that can solve the problem and make some changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Influent person or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also influence me about when people mocking him or argue with his opinion he stood up and ignore them while no one support him when after his opinion showing the truth what he wanted to show us people who argue with him realize that he do for us and the changes may involve many person to contribute, cause every time he think he always think for all and think for future upon us. Everyone respected him how he think how his handle people around him, because he once have a small clinic that help many poor person even he gave free medicine and service he wanted to help people in needed. From this he show many of moral to us and me that how high we are we still are normal human being, I taken seriously about this matter cause once we at above we must remind of our self that we also came from the same as them and we need to support them also He also have the way of thinking for the future upon us, that also made me inspired me to thinking like him, he made me thinking he is my second father that inspire me a lot. Even we looked at his successful life but I notice that even he have certificate to being a doctor but he involve in politic this also show me that even we have difference background we can succeed any form of work and without stressing one stream of way, we also can succeed even we don’t have any basic of the stream. Tun Dr. Mahathir also inspired people even from overseas because he once help Malaysia survive from  economic issue without loan any world banking to survive that make me inspire by him even hard ways we can survive and we can get through the if we unite together. Conclusion Here I wanted to conclude that Tun Dr. Mahathir influence me a lot due his succeed in his life the way he make people notice him and he show that all around the world he can succeed without any help. He also can withstand people mocking his opinion to changes and show the world the his opinion can make big success even no one support him at all.